In: Kernberg OF (ed) Narcissistic personality disorder: psychiatric clinics of North America. Hogarth, London, pp 370–417Īkhtar S (1989) Narcissistic personality disorder: descriptive features and differential diagnosis. Hogarth, London, pp 338–369Ībraham K (1921–1925) Psycho-analytical studies on character formation. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Ībraham K (1920) Manifestations of the female castration complex. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. These dimensions, however, tend to have rather general relations to any particular personality disorder and, so far, seem to have been of little use for clinical purposes. ![]() This approach links particular behaviors and lends itself to establishing a general theory that, in turn, integrates the major dimensions arrived at by statistical analyses. Researchers proceeding with a dimensional model of classification usually carry out complex factor analyses of a great number of behavioral traits, leading to specific factors or a few overriding behavioral characteristics that, in different combinations, would seem to characterize the particular personality disorders described by clinicians (Benjamin 1992, 1993 Costa and Widiger 1994 Widiger and Frances 1994 Widiger et al. ![]() Here, empirical researchers studying particular personality disorders (such as the borderline personality disorder, the narcissistic personality disorder, or the antisocial personality disorder) have attempted to pinpoint their etiological factors, but have found, again and again, that multiple factors appear to combine in the background of any particular personality disorder, without a clear answer as to how these factors relate to each other in codetermining a specific type of psychopathology (Marziali 1992 Paris 1994 Steinberg et al. A major problem regarding the classification of personality disorders is the understanding of the psychopathology of these disorders, that is, how the behavioral characteristics of any particular personality disorder relate to each other and to their particular predisposing and causative factors.
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